isolators, circulators and interleaver ect.

high optical homogeneity;
high damage threshold;
low hygroscopic susceptibility;
extremely low absorption in the UV to IR range

high birefringence,
wide spectral transmission;
availability in reasonably sized rhombs;

high gain, low threshold, high absorption coefficients at pumping wavelengths

high gain, low threshold, and high absorption coefficients at pumping wavelengths

used in solid-state lasers systems-frequency-doubled continuous wave, high-energy Q-switched

can be effectively pumped by short pulse flashlamps in powerful laser systems.

large nonlinear optical coefficients;
wide angular bandwidth ;
small walk-off angle.

Wide transparency and phase matching ranges,
large nonlinear coefficient